Contrary to the popular belief of many scientists and members of the public, new research confirms that Africa has two—not one—species of elephant. Scientists from Harvard University, the University of Illinois, and the University of York in the United Kingdom used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the smaller African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.
The researchers, whose findings appear online in PLoS Biology, intended to investigate the genetic relationship between the extinct woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants. Not only is this the first time that anyone has generated sequences for the mastodon nuclear genome, but it is also the first time that the Asian elephant, African forest elephant, African savanna elephant, the extinct woolly mammoth, and the extinct American mastodon have been looked at together.
“Experimentally, we had a major challenge to extract DNA sequences from two fossils, mammoths and mastodons, and line them up with DNA from modern elephants over hundreds of sections of the genome,” said researcher Nadin Rohland of the Department of Genetics at Harvard University.
David Reich, associate professor in the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, said their results were unexpected. “The surprising finding from our study is that forest and savanna elephants from Africa–which some have argued are the same species–are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.”
Researchers only had DNA from a single elephant in each species, but had collected enough data from each genome to traverse millions of years of evolution to the time when elephants first diverged from each other.
Professor Michi Hofreiter, who specializes in the study of ancient DNA in the Department of Biology at York, said, “The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephant and woolly mammoths. The split between African savanna and forest elephants is almost as old as the split between humans and chimpanzees. This result amazed us all.
“The possibility that the two might be separate species was first raised in 2001, but this is the most compelling scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.”
Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species, despite the elephants’ significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tonnes, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant.
DNA analysis revealed a wide range of genetic diversity within each species. The savanna elephant and woolly mammoth have very low genetic diversity, Asian elephants have medium diversity, and forest elephants have very high diversity. Researchers believe this is due to varying levels of reproductive competition among males.
Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes. Since 1950, all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority for conservation purposes.”
Their research, “Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants,” was published in the December 2010 edition of PLoS Biology.
- The paper is published in PLoS Biology at www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000564
- Photographs are available at www.aces.uiuc.edu/news/News_Photos/Elephant/
- More information on the University of York Department of Biology at www.york.ac.uk/biology/
